ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To analyze and characterize the separation effectiveness of self-constructed asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation system on proteins and lipoproteins, to achieve the optimization of the experimental conditions when separating lipoproteins by orthogonal design test and to investigate the carrier viscosity's influence on separation effectiveness.@*METHODS@#The evaluation of asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation separation capacity was conducted by using two standard proteins (carbonic anhydrase and thyroglobulin). Under the optimized separation conditions of carbonic anhydrase and thyroglobulin, the channel actual thickness (after assembling, the actual thickness of separation channel was less than initial thickness) was calculated by the analytes' elution time based on the hydrokinetic theory. With orthogonal design test the optimized experimental conditions were studied and statistical analysis was carried on to find out the factors with statistical significance which needed further exploration.@*RESULTS@#According to the hydrodynamics principle and Stoke's function, the channel actual thickness was measured to be 164 μm by separating the two standard proteins, carbonic anhydrase and thyroglobulin, under proper experimental conditions. By the optimization based on orthogonal design test, base-line separation (the resolution had to be higher than 1.50) was achieved. The resolutions of the two experiments were 1.61 and 1.58. According to previous study/ pre-study and supporting theory, in the orthogonal design test, the total 5 factors were integrated for comprehensive investigation: the total flow rate (3.00, 3.50, 4.00, 4.50 mL/min), focus time (3.00, 3.50, 4.00, 4.50 min), transition time (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 min), pH of the carrier fluid(6.8, 7.00, 7.20, 7.40) and viscosity of the carrier fluid hydroxypropylmethylcellulose concentration: 0.00%, 0.03%, 0.06%, 1.00%). Among the 5 factors, viscosity was found to have the statistical significance on separation effectiveness which was further investigated. The resolution of high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein was increased by the increasing viscosity which also caused more obvious negative spikes.@*CONCLUSION@#The separating capacities of self-constructed asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation system on lipoproteins were verified to be effective and an optimized experimental condition was found to achieve the base-line separation of high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein. Viscosity of the carrier fluid was proved to have the statistical significance on lipoprotein separation.
Subject(s)
Fractionation, Field Flow , Lipoproteins , Lipoproteins, LDLABSTRACT
Introducción y objetivos: la valoración fisiológica de las lesiones coronarias mediante la medición de la reserva de flujo fraccional, se asocia con revascularizacion fisiológica en lugar de anatómica sin incremento de los eventos cardiovasculares en el seguimiento y semejante libertad de angina. El objetivo es caracterizar la primera población estudiada a través de la medición de la reserva de flujo fraccional en Colombia, en la Fundación Abood-Shaio. Métodos: en los años 2010-2011 se estudiaron 50 pacientes y 60 lesiones coronarias, a través de la medición de la reserva de flujo fraccional; 68% de los pacientes se estudiaron por síndromes coronarios agudos. En 94% de los casos la indicación de la valoración fisiológica fueron lesiones intermedias, 4% lesiones ostiales y 2% enfermedad coronaria multivaso. La media de reserva de flujo fraccional fue de 0,87 (DS±0,075); de la totalidad de la muestra 11,6% de pacientes tuvo reserva de flujo fraccional menor de 0,80 y se les realizó angioplastia de la lesión evaluada, siendo mayor de 0,80 en 88,4%. Conclusión: la valoración fisiológica de las lesiones coronarias mediante reserva de flujo fraccional fue menor de 0,80 en 11,6% de los casos, evitando la angioplastia coronaria en 88,4 % de las lesiones evaluadas.
Introduction and objectives: the physiological assessment of coronary lesions through measurement of fractional flow reserve is associated with functional revascularization without increasing mortality and myocardial infarction in follow-up and with reduction of angina. The first objective of the study is to characterize the first population studied by measuring the fractional flow reserve in Colombia, Fundación Abood-Shaio. Methods: In the years 2010-2011 we studied 50 patients and 60 coronary lesions measuring the fractional flow reserve. 68% of these patients were studied by angiography for acute coronary syndromes. The indication of the physiological assessment in 94% of the cases were intermediate lesions, 4% were ostial and 2% were multivessel coronary disease. Mean fractional flow reserve (FFR) was 0.87 (SD ± 0.075); from the total sample 11,6% of patients had a fractional flow reserve of less than 0.80 and underwent angioplasty of the evaluated lesion, being greater than 0.80 in 88,4% of the patients. Conclusion: the physiological assessment of coronary lesions using fractional flow reserve was less than 0.80 in 11,6% of cases, avoiding coronary angioplasty in 88.4% of the lesions evaluated.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Angioplasty , Fractionation, Field Flow , Acute Coronary Syndrome , Hemodynamics , Myocardial RevascularizationABSTRACT
The chemical extraction of twenty-nine elements in a washing aggregate sludge, a clay-rich sediment, a sewage sludge, the mixtures of these materials and the artificial lightweight aggregates [LWAs] manufactured with them was determined by applying the optimized European Community Bureau of Reference sequential extraction procedure in order to establish the effect of the thermal treatment on the extraction of the selected elements. In accordance with the UNE-EN-1744-3 standard [2003], which states a single extraction procedure, preparation of eluates by aggregate leaching was also carried out. All the elements are mainly associated with the residual fraction in the LWAs so their availability is relatively low. The element that presented the highest concentration in the eluates after completion of the single extraction procedure was Fe. All the studied elements are in concentrations below the limit values for inert wastes so, from the standpoint of chemical leaching, the studied LWAs may be used in lightweight concrete manufacturing
Subject(s)
Fractionation, Field Flow , Mining , Industrial Waste , Metals, Rare Earth , Transition ElementsABSTRACT
The potentials of using the hydraulic technique in combined unit for municipal wastewater treatment were studied. A combined unit in which processes of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation, has been designed utilizing hydraulic mixing instead of mechanical mixing. Ajar test treatability study has been conducted to locate the optimum dose of the coagulants to be used. Alum, ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, a mixture of ferric and ferrous sulfates, and mixture of lime and ferrous sulfate were all tested. A pilot unit was constructed in the existing wastewater treatment plant at El Mansoura governorate located in north Egypt. The optimum dose of coagulants used in the combined unit gives removal efficiencies for COD, BOD, and total phosphorous as 65%, 55%, and 83%, respectively